Extent Inquisition Impacted Witchcraft Trials in Central Europe from 11

Area A-Plan of Investigation Proposition: To what degree did the Inquisition sway black magic preliminaries in the district of Central Europe from 1199 to 1580? This examinations looks to assess the Inquisition in full yet not constrained with the impact on sin, apostates, witches, and black magic. The sources utilized for this exploration examination are the three composed sources with auxiliary and essential material, which are recorded as follows, Witchcraft by Robert Hart, Witches and Witchcraft Jeremy Kingston, and Witchcraft in Europe 400-1700 by Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peters. These books will be investigated and assessed dependent on starting point, reason, worth, and constraint. Area B-Summary of Evidence The Inquisition established in 1199 is a council from the Christian confidence of the Holy office to uncover and rebuff strict unconventionality. ?From that time until its decrease in the late 1600?s and the mid 1700?s, the quantity of executions for black magic arrived at a horrifying aggregate of 100,000? (Hart, pg. 63). These executions from France, Italy, Spain, Scandinavia and different pieces of Europe have a record number of significant shamefulness, preference and savagery. The Inquisition and the witch preliminaries were all piece of when the frenzy from the Holy Church was submitting a brutal outrageous to the cleansings of anything unconventional. Instructed individuals like legal counselors, specialists, ministers, and researchers all took an interest in witch chase. ?A few Historians have indicated that the development in general was a recovery of the agnostic notion and clique whose starting point lay in the old world, which cause a resurrection of learning? (Hart, pg. 65). The witch neurosis was an old section in history reawakened during the 12 century causing the Great Witch Panic. The Christian churc... ...did the Christian Holy Church of Europe. From time everlasting it appears the Christian church has consistently been behind a type of insidiousness and murder for the wellbeing of its. The twentieth century had seen supremacist and preferences and the suppression of racial minorities, the wiped out and impeded. Man has a consistent fight with himself among great and shrewdness. Human instinct is never as balanced or merciful as individuals need to accept. Rather than being guided by normal regard and resistance of the individuals who are extraordinary, we look to change what may compromise or challenge us. Area F-Bibliography 3 Written sources, Hart, Roger. Black magic. London: Wayland Ltd., 1972. Kingston, Jeremy. Witches and Witchcraft. London: Aldus Books Limited, 1976. Kors, Alan and Peters, Edward. Black magic in Europe 400-1700. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2001.

Ids Strengths And Weaknesses Information Technology Essay

Ids Strengths And Weaknesses Information Technology Essay Most association with security framework has gotten important to execute interruption discovery frameworks in view of expanded in number and seriousness because of indications of security issues. There are two kinds of interruption recognition framework either NIDS or a HIDS approach are rely upon how to choose for their particular framework and system conditions. Joining these two advances will create genuinely impact results when cooperate will significantly improve organize protection from assaults and abuse. The realistic underneath shows how have based and organize based interruption location methods cooperate on the grounds that a few occasions are distinguishable by arrange IDS as it were. Others that is perceivable just at the host IDS. Qualities of Host-based Intrusion Detection Systems that the system based frameworks can't coordinate Near constant location and response Interruption identification is the course of observing the occasions occurring in a system or PC framework. Both interruption location frameworks have distinctive kind of timing that is checked. Numerous early host-based IDSs utilized planning plan, as in light of the fact that it depended on working framework review trails to create as records that delivering confirmation aftereffects of whether an assault was progressing nicely or not. Be that as it may, as a rule an assault can be distinguished by interloper and halted it before harm is finished. Host-based IDS screen unequivocal framework exercises Application-based IDSs are subset of host-based IDSs since have put together IDSs work with respect to data, for example, working framework review logs which are gathered from singular PC framework. Host-based recognition can break down exercises with extraordinary unwavering quality and exactness, for models, have based IDS can screen all client login and logoff movement. Besides, figuring out which procedures are associated with a working framework. Unique system based IDSs, have based IDSs can recognize the finish of an endeavored assault as fast as it is executed. At last, have based framework can analyze changes to key framework records and executables regularly focused by assaults. Assault, for example, introduce Trojan ponies can be halted. System based framework here and there misses this kind of movement. Host-based discovery frameworks are skilled to connect clients and projects with their consequences for a framework to alarm the data, for example, what clients gave what o rder and when. This is fundamentally in light of the fact that HIDS are a piece of the objective and are accordingly proficient to give unrivaled data concerning the condition of the framework all through an assault. Host-based IDS can identify assaults that organize based framework neglect to spot Host-based framework can distinguish assaults by means of PC hardware, for example, console that associated with basic server yet don't cross the system, however organize based IDS can't identify such assaults. At the end of the day, HIDS just need to manage assaults coordinated at the objective itself and don't stress over catching all the parcels that cross a system. Therefore, NIDS are enormously less computationally costly and have nearly low execution sway on the host stage. Qualities of system based Intrusion Detection Systems that the host-based frameworks can't coordinate System based IDS can recognize assaults that have based framework neglect to spot HIDSs can't loathe indication of dubious movement, for example, assaults must be indentified when traverse a system, for models; IP-based disavowal of-administration (DOS) and divided parcel (TearDrop) assaults in light of the fact that such assaults possibly can be perceived when traverse the system. NIDS might be undetectable to the assailant while a HIDS will more likely than not leave some product impression on frameworks where it is introduced. NIDS manage traffic as hypothetical information for models; a forswearing of administration or demise bundle which may fall an objective host won't impact the NIDS. Immediate discovery and response System based will accumulate data from arrange traffic streams to deliver ongoing IDS results rapidly to permit the IDS to make prompt move to identify assault. System based IDS caught data sources from LAN portion or system spines by dissecting system parcels that are connected to the system section, in this manner, with the system part giving early admonition to prompt end of the assault. System based Intrusion identification framework are introduced per arrange fragment as opposed to per have Introducing host-put together IDSs with respect to each host in the association can be hugely tedious and progressively costly to send, since IDS must be and introducing programming on each framework that will be checked. For models, inclusion of 100 frameworks may require to introducing a HIDS on every one of the 100 frameworks. Whereby, arrange based IDS permit vital organization at basic procedure for survey organize traffic bound to a few frameworks. Subsequently, arrange based frameworks don't expect programming to be introduced and overseen on an assortment of hosts. At the end of the day, NIDS are working condition autonomous and might be imperceptible to the aggressor. When sending system based IDSs to find the framework sensors to get points of interest. A system based set outside of a firewall can recognize assaults from the outer mankind, that get through the systems edge guards, yet still the firewall might be dismissing these endeavors. Host-based frameworks unfit to see dismissed assaults that hit a host inside the firewall won't produce data that significant in survey security approaches. End In outline, NIDS get along nicely at recognizing system level variations from the norm and misuses however NIDS may miss bundles because of clog on the system interface that they are checking. Optional, NIDS don't have a decent idea of client character since TCP/IP traffic doesn't pass on an affiliation. In this way the NIDS would experience issues telling the head precisely whether the assault had any impact. More or less, the HIDS are progressively unfriendly about record uprightness checking and gathering data including their CPU utilization and document gets to. In any case, the qualities of the HIDS relate straightforwardly to its shortcomings essentially on the grounds that HIDS is a piece of the objective, any data it gives might be modified or erased. therefore, HIDS will experience issues distinguishing assaults that totally clear out the objective framework. At the point when the working framework is slammed, the HIDS has smashed alongside it and not alert is produced. To wrap things up, a blend of IDS apparatuses must be utilized. Both HIDS and NIDS have coordinating qualities and shortcomings which, when joined, yield an exceptionally powerful identification ability. Points of interest and weaknesses of conveying IDS Review System Manager should demand a legitimate direction from sellers who have practical experience in IDS sending and fit to give definite documentation and guidance to choose right highlights and abilities Intrusion discovery programming where new imperfections and vulnerabilities are finding regularly. There are numerous method of portraying Intrusion identification frameworks. The essential descriptors are the framework checking approaches, the examination methodology, and the planning of data sources and investigation. The most widely recognized business Intrusion recognition frameworks are continuous system based. So as to choose the best Intrusion identification frameworks and to incorporate interruption location capacities with the remainder of the association security foundation, overseeing factors. The most significant that to forestall emergency conduct that can mishandle the framework by expanding the apparent danger of revelation, improved finding and correction of causative variables. The initial steps expected to outline the trait of the danger from outside and inside an association, helping with settling on choices in regards to the system is probably going to be assaulted and distribution of PC security assets. Also, understanding the recurrence and highlights of assaults permits Network Manager drawing up the spending plan for organize security assets whether the system as of now enduring an onslaught or prone to be assault. In todays hacking condition an assault can be propelled and finished in less than a millisecond. So that, another thought that Network Manager ought to comprehend the useful segments of the IDS whether parts are the Host on which the IDS programming runs. The majority of the notable work area working frameworks, for example, Windows 95-98 and Windows ME need framework logging offices. Responsibility and reaction are two all-encompassing objectives that Network Manager should state for interruption recognition frameworks. It is amazingly hard to authorize responsibility in any framework with feeble ID and confirmation components. To accomplish the objectives, Network Manager ought to comprehend and assess the control technique of the info and yield of the IDS at that point break down which procedure model for Intrusion location can assist with figuring out what objectives are best tended to by every interruption identification framework. For example, military or different associations that manage national security issues will in general deal with a high level of guideline. Some Intrusion Detection frameworks offer highlights that help authorization of formal use strategies. The assets essential for every classification of IDS differs comprehensively. Arrangement or general strategy to classify Intrusion Detection frameworks is to get together by data source. System based interruption recognition framework break down system bundle. Other Intrusion Detection frameworks investigate data produced by the working framework. Maybe the Network Manager can determine a security objective is by classifying an associations danger concerns. As of now, Network Manager can audit the current association security approaches, organize foundation and asset level. In the event that, then again, the association wishes to effectively react to such infringement so they can manage cautions in a suitable way. The accompanying meeting will plate

Explain Socrates' claim that the unexamined life is not worth living Essay

Clarify Socrates' case that the unexamined life does not merit living (Apology) - Essay Example In this manner, Socrates guaranteed that for an individual to carry on with a commendable life, everybody should address, look at and rethink the estimations of their lives day by day. This paper investigates the importance and the essentialness of the Socrates guarantee that â€Å"the unexamined life isn't worth living† concentrating on the Apology and Euthyphro. The words, ‘the unexamined life isn't worth living’ by Socrates originates from Plato’s Apology when Socrates is condemned to death in the wake of being blamed for tainting the adolescent and scandalousness. Patterson (16) sets that statement of regret is one recorded record of Socrates’ safeguard during his preliminary, and these words show up toward the finish of the Apology when Socrates is experiencing potential disciplines for charges against him. Socrates articulates these words when the jury has seen him as liable and needs to settle on what sort of discipline to force on him, which was consented to be a capital punishment. In the wake of being condemned to death, he needs to pick an elective discipline like life sentence or outcast yet he decreases the offer asserting that surrendering theory would be rebellious to god. Along these lines, by ‘the unexamined life isn't worth living’, Socrates implied that he was prepared to confront demise as opposed to carrying on with a basic life where he isn't fit for analyzing cases of information from others, to challenge them and have the option to ask them hard inquiries about the real world. He asked individuals to be worried about temperance to analyze themselves as well as other people in light of the fact that unexamined life does not merit living (Patterson 15). The exchange among Socrates and Euthyphro spin around the issue of devotion. Quickly, both Socrates and Euthyphro are associated with this part of devotion. Euthyphro proposes that devotion is tied in with indicting any individual who is liable of homicide yet after tested by Socrates, he expresses that devotion is something that is unforgettable to divine beings, contending that devotion is the thing that all the divine beings love though scandalousness is the thing that all the divine beings detest. Socrates would not acknowledge numerous mainstream stories about exercises of divine beings (Patterson, 11). As per Socrates, devotion speaks to unexamined life, which does not merit living, and in that capacity, he was blamed for making new divine beings and disregarding the customary Athens divine beings. In this manner, by expressing that unexamined life does not merit living, Socrates was educating people to search inside and get the genuine estimation of life via cautiously investigating their activities so as to carry on with an upbeat life where nobody gets injured. Basic assessment of life is fundamental as it includes assessment of occasions from both the over a wide span of time. Through this, one can gain from the past slip-ups and right them, watch his activities and carry on with an all the more satisfying life; this is on the grounds that without exhaustive assessment of life, life is useless. In a circumstance where an individual neglects to look at his life, he will continue rehashing past slip-ups and stagnation is inescapable. Individuals should attempt to be prudent, attempt to discover and acknowledge what they don't know in life to have a more extensive perspective on the world (Kamtekar 154). Socrates guarantee about unexamined life is disgraceful can be viewed as inferring that an existence without contemplation, with no close to home reflection is absolutely a loss since absence of self-comprehension and investigation is probably going to prompt redundancy of past mix-ups and accusing others. Inability to have a profound individual understanding causes an individual to live to unexamined life. Also, absence of important life and progress is an exercise in futility; it

7 Points That Will Help You Geography Coursework Stand Out from the Crowd

7 Points That Will Help You Geography Coursework Stand Out from the Crowd Taking a class in college involves a lot of hard work in different areas. One of those is to complete a coursework following all the demands. This activity takes considerable time and should not be rushed. Here are some useful tips to write a brilliant geography coursework. 1.   Know the Purpose A coursework is assigned to show what you know. Though, this is an overall purpose of any coursework. But, it is important to know the reasoning behind a specific assignment. What exactly is it asking you to do? What questions do you need to answer in your geography coursework? If you answer these questions you are more likely to compose a piece of writing that involves readers in the problem. 2.   Create a Plan Once you become aware of the purpose, the next step is to figure out how to achieve it. You need to create an outline for your writing assignment. It allows you to think of each separate part of a coursework. Besides, background reading is necessary to gather additional valuable sources for your geography coursework if you tend to create an impressive paper. Such a plan will help you fuel the audience’s interest providing some new information in portions and then, giving the solution. 3.   Don’t Plagiarize Talking about sources, when you use them, you need to make sure that you aren’t copying. A coursework that isn’t copied will help it stand out from the rest. If you do use specific quotes or information, make sure to cite them correctly according to a formatting style. Proper citations will not only help you avoid problems with the law but also will help you make readers interested in the issue you will provide them with the sources they may also go through to learn the problem deeper! Isn’t it a great idea to help your readers get some new knowledge? 4.   Divide and Conquer Even though it’s one assignment, a coursework is recommended to divide into different stages. Breaking an assignment down is really helpful because it will be simpler to pass through each small stage separately than all together. Since all the small steps lead to the big success, in no time, you’ll have your coursework all done! In this case, you keep your audience focused on the issue as they do not lose the interest they get an issue and the solution in advance. If you keep the answer to the question until the very end you risk your audience getting bored and no waiting for the verdict. 5.   Give it Your All To really make your geography coursework stand out, you need to devote 100% of your efforts. Try changing your mindset. Imagine that you are handing in the assignment to the President of the United States. Would it look different? Putting forth your biggest efforts will be highly appreciated. 6.   Go to Class! The very best way to succeed in a coursework is to miss NO classes. Take useful notes while you are present in a class. Being in constant and active exposure to the material on geography will greatly aid you when you have an assignment because you will have a lot of background knowledge. You can impress your teacher with including ideas that could have only been learned from class lectures. 7.   Check Your Work Many students tend to complete an assignment and hand it in. This is actually a wrong way to do. You need to complete a paper, check it and then, hand it in. The extra step of checking the work is very important. It shows that you care about your craft and that you have spent the time to do it the best. Of course, you do NOT want your paper stand out from the crowd for it has a lot of grammar, punctuation, and stylistic mistakes, right? If you want to receive some professional help in correcting mistakes, you can ask a custom coursework writing service for aid. The team of qualified editors will help you make your coursework top-notch and get you the best grades.

A Connection to Real Life Events; King Henry V - 1450 Words

Have you ever read a book that made you contemplate how it would pertain to your life or someone else’s life? Certainly, after reading the play titled King Henry V originally written by William Shakespeare and edited by Andrew Gurr, I concluded that certain situations in this book correspond to several aspects in this world. For instance, it can connect to many events that occurred during the 1590s, the time period in which this play was written. On the other hand, it correlates with other compositions that were read in class such as The Prince, but more importantly this play undoubtedly relates to my life. Even though you may not think the production titled King Henry V applies to you, you may want to reconsider your decision and realize†¦show more content†¦For instance, a Prince struggles with various military matters such as the type of troops to have and even auxiliary to use. Both of these matters resulted from the breaking of Italy where various military techni ques were ineffective and caused great harm (Machiavelli 76-84). On the other hand, King Henry V struggles with the concept that he is liable for his men’s souls and has to implement rules that do not bestow him with personal gains. In fact, he had difficulty in hanging his best friend Bardolph because he stole a religious pax which was forbidden in his country (Gurr III vi. 35). While they both encounter various aspects of being leaders, they additionally correspond with each another in the fact that they insist on being feared by their men than loved. To illustrate, the Prince proclaimed that he would preferably be feared because although people love you now they will only turn on you in the future (Machiavelli 91). Moreover, because love may cease, but being feared never will (Machiavelli 91). However, King Henry V’s men worry that all he wants for them is to be executed (Gurr IV.i). In regards, King Henry did not want to be responsible for their actions because the y make pilgrimages and ultimately decided to enlist in his army which in turn contributes to the fact of being feared and not loved (Gurr IV.i). Of course, both these subjects interrelate to one another in various ways, butShow MoreRelatedThe History Plays of Shakespeare Essay1900 Words   |  8 Pagesplays of Shakespeare because their plots and major characters were part of history. In his plays Shakespeare omitted some minor characters or gave life to some irrelevant historical figures or he altered some minor historical events and introduced some incidents and characters, which had no historic authenticity. He often distorted chronology and events were condensed. But all these changes were aimed at an effective presentation for the stage and for a sense of veracity. 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William 18th Century Edinburgh s Court Of Session

Lord Monboddo, one of the most respected, eminent Judges at 18th century Edinburgh s Court of Session, was definitely an oddball, passionately devoted to the ways of the Ancient Greeks and disapproving of anything he considered modern. As a result he lived simply, because if the Ancient Greeks didn t use it, neither did he Brilliant lawyer, philosopher, leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment and a striking, complex, flamboyant character to boot. Not bad for a laddie who started his education at Laurencekirk primary school. Born James Burnett in October 1714 to a minor laird in Monboddo, Kincardineshire, an estate described by James Boswell during his travels with Dr Johnson as a wretched place, wild and naked with a poor old†¦show more content†¦When the case was finally to be decided before the bench, the new Lord gave a blisteringly powerful closing argument when it looked to all that the case was lost. They should have known better. 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Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Essay Example For Students

Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Essay No one who has read the novel Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain can deny not seeing the faults of the civilized world that Twain so critically satires. This element of the novel plays the perfect backdrop to the thing Twain uses to compare civilization with: The ideal way of living. Every time the main characters Huck and Jim are away from the influences of the civilized world, Twain’s vision of the ideal way of living reveals itself to the reader. By observing the things that occur when Huck and Jim are in the influences of the civilized world and when they are not, we can see the vast differences that lie between these two elements. The first glimpse that we get of the civilized world in Huck’s time comes to us as early as the first chapter. Huck describes to the reader how he is getting along in civilization. He tells us things about society that he doesn’t yet understand, like how the Widow forbids him to smoke yet she uses tobacco herself. Twain establishes the hypocrisy of civilization early on in the novel to give the reader insight on the differences between the â€Å"proper† ways of nineteenth century society and the â€Å"improper† behavior that Huck is accustomed to dealing with. This insight that Twain gives to the reader is further expanded with the introduction of Huck’s Pap into the story. After leaving Huck for a little over a year, Pap comes back for Huck, figuring he may have something to gain. â€Å"That’s why I come. You git me that money tomorrow- I want it. † are Pap’s words to Huck when they first reunite. Pap, the person most responsiable for Huck’s welfare, is the person who abuses Huck the most. Even though Huck is outside of the civilized world’s grasp when he lives with Pap, this is not the freedom Huck is looking for. Pap is in every respect the exact opposite of Jim. Where Jim is caring, sensitive and fatherly towards Huck, Pap is selfish, cruel and dirty. After he fakes his own death to escape from Pap, Huck flees to Jackson Island in order not to be discovered. Jackson Island is also where Huck and Jim accidentally run into each other while running away from society. While their reasons for running away are clearly different, they decide to run away together. This is where Twain’s concept of the ideal way of life is first presented in the novel. They both share a common desire to find freedom, and this leads them to help each other out, despite the fact that Jim is a runaway slave and Huck is agonizing over whether to turn Jim in or not to. The location of Huck and Jim’s hideaway in the novel changes when Huck finds out people are trying to capture Jim. Their home then turns into a raft floating on the Mississippi. On the raft, Huck and Jim view each other as equals, not as a slave and a runaway. All of their needs are met while onboard. When they get hungry, they fish. When they get bored, they talk to each other. They rely on each other and the Mississippi, with no assistance from the civilized world . The harmony between Huck and Jim that is created from them being on the raft however, is not enough to keep the civilized world at bay.. In this case, civilization comes in the form of two thieves, the Duke and the Dauphin. Ousted from society themselves because of their â€Å"occupation† as conmen, these two men help lead Huck and Jim into even more altercations with the civilized world, such as the Peter Wilks incident . Twain uses the Wilks incident to convey man’s inhumane dishonesty and it’s repercussions. The Duke and the Dauphin pose as the brothers of the deceased in hopes of taking Peter Wilks fortune away from his nieces. The Duke and the Dauphin’s dishonesty disgusts Huck, who says that â€Å"It was enough to make a body ashamed of the whole human race. † . .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e , .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e .postImageUrl , .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e , .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e:hover , .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e:visited , .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e:active { border:0!important; } .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e:active , .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u509351bbc835ce8b08fbf51865f4bd2e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Creative writing piece EssayHuck realizes what the Duke and the Dauphin are planning to do to Peter Wilks nieces is immoral, and this motivates Huck to stop their plans before it’s too late to do so. Mark Twain knew enough about civilization to understand that his ideas on the way to live were nothing more that romantic idealisms at their best. This did not stop him however, from writing about it in his stories. Like his ideas on the ideal way of living, Twain’s message is simple. Civilization will alawys be imperfect, and the individual who sees this imperfection will always find freedom.

Why Cells Are Small Essays - Cell Biology, Cell Membrane

Why Cells Are Small annon Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. As life on earth has evolved into organisms of varying complexities, two basic laws of nature have dictated why cells have remained so small. Shorter is faster. This is true both in terms of diffusion and in terms of chemical and electrical movement. By minimizing the the distance between a cell?s nucleus and and the numerous proteins and organelles that it must constantly regulate , a cell is maximizing the speed in which intercellular communications can take place while providing the ideal conditions for diffusion: a vital function in the life of a cell. Like wise, the surface area and volume of a cell are directly influential in the efficiency of the cell?s nutrient absorption and waste expulsion processes. Since the cell membrane of a eukaryotic cell is its only source of nutrition, it?s surface area must be large enough to allow the cell?s organelles to receive the materia ls it needs. This is done by maximizing the surface area to volume ratio. By using the surface area and volume equations for a sphere(4?r2 and 4/3?r3) you can estimate the surface area of a small cell(5 ?m) to be nearly 1,200,000 : 1. By modeling the growth rate of the surface area and volume of a sphere on a linear graph it?s easily discernible that as the size of the sphere increases the ratio of surface area to volume dramatically decreases until finally the volume of the sphere surpasses the surf ace area. Simply, by minimizing its size, a cell is maximizing the speed at which it can communicate, the rate at which diffusion can occur, and the amount of surface area at it?s disposal. Daniel Veilleux June 17, 1976 Period 5

Palestine and Statehood

Palestine and Statehood Introduction The incessant conflicts between Israeli and Palestine have been the major cause of tensions found in the Middle East as well as those between the Islamic world and the west. It is imperative to note that these conflicts have significant implications on Palestinians who have continued to occupy the British Mandatory Palestine territory since 1948.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Palestine and Statehood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Goodman (2011) points out that based on the Law of Return of 1950, the Jews wishing to pay visit to Israel have enjoyed the right of migration while Palestinians who are considered to be refugees, have been forced to forego their right and hope of migration and final settlement. As this paper analyses, significant legal violations by systems influenced by the American and British precedents including crimes of passion as well as hate crimes have considerably impacte d on Palestinians and overtly led to the manifestations of their statelessness today. As this paper examines from the article entitled Do the Palestinians really want a state? by Kaplan (2009), it is evident that Palestinians may not necessarily be in dire need of a state since they are seemingly stronger without it. The article â€Å"Do the Palestinians really want a state?† The article â€Å"Do the Palestinians really want a state?† by Robert Kaplan (2009) explores the issues surrounding the statelessness of Palestine and seeks to uncover reasons why for many years, it has failed to become a state. Kaplan points out that the conflicts between Palestine and Israel have raised massive concerns from political analysts who have been keen on finding out why a mutual agreement for peace has always been elusive since it has never been reached. On the same note, Goodman (2011) argues that the injustices on Palestine due to foreign policies have been contributing factors to i ts statelessness today. Indeed, it is imperative to highlight that radicalism and violence in the Middle East, with particular interest in Palestine, can be attributed to the US policies some of which have weakened its position in the Middle East today.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kaplan (2009) concurs with Goodman’s arguments and points out that over the years; a lot of efforts by organizations of goodwill such as the United Nations (UN) have been thwarted by powerful nations whose influence and policies have shaped the events taking place in Palestine today. While Israeli intransigence and obduracy as observed in its illegal settlements in territories that are occupied by Palestine are blamed for the statelessness of Palestine, it is vital to note that the United States of America (US) has played more profound political, social and economi cal roles in shaping the events in this Middle East nation. Origin of Palestinian statelessness, political, social and economic factors Many analysts have blamed the United Nation, an agency chosen by Britain, the Soviet Union and the US, for playing a major role in putting Palestine to the situation it is today. In agreement, Goodman (2011) points out that in 1947, the UN gave the still expanding, borderless and nascent state of Israel international legitimacy, and postulated an abstract state for Palestinians in addition to denying them a place for settlement. As true as this may be, it is important to understand that the power possessed by UN is derivative, and as such whatever actions it takes is controlled by those powers which created it, and that can suspend, impose, withdraw, grant and limit its freedom of operation. It is on this front that it is unfair to blame the state of Palestine on the same powers that triumphed in the Second World War, and continues assuring the worl d of peace through the United Nations. Of paramount authority among them is the United States. Indeed, the western world has been frequently criticized over its involvement especially in the political crisis facing Palestine. That notwithstanding, it may still be prudent to succinctly explore both sides of the debate regarding Palestine long standing political crisis. Johannsen (2011) posits that on most political issues, and most of the time, the UN has been influenced by the US via coercion or otherwise to reject, assume or take a position, as well as to pressure a country within the UN agency, Security Council or the General Assembly to vote in a particular way.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Palestine and Statehood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such influences have been witnessed by the US using new arms deal to bribe Columbia, giving China diplomatic rehabilitation after the Tiananmen Square horror s, and withdrawing of its foreign aid to the impoverished Yemen as punishment for the rejection of US demands. Washington too engages the UN forcefully or otherwise to implement initiatives orchestrated by the US which works most of the time, thus giving the US its way. The UN has endeavored to have Palestine gain its freedom and settlement, efforts that have been downplayed by the US, and which Johannsen points out to be the strongest reasons why Palestine should remain the way it is. In relation to the above reality, it is important to note that over the years, unenforced resolutions, some of which the Security Council has demonstrated an outright refusal to veto have seen the UN kept out of the negotiating table on matters related to the Middle East diplomacy. Today, US’s economic, ideological and political support for Israel is growing rapidly posing a difficulty in ending the continuous military occupation of Palestine by Israel. Johannsen (2011) argues that this has led to tremendous human right violations and denial of national rights to Palestinians. Efforts to change the situation have been made impossible due to political reasons and foreign policies. Abushammala (2011) argues that the presence of the US has further complicated the efforts of forging full consensus on issues related to Palestine as nations that would want to go against its initiatives are likely attract serious sanctions and universal opprobrium. Efforts by the Palestinians to form a state have been made futile by foreign policies making it develop capabilities of achieving its objectives without having to be a state. Why Palestine is stronger without actually being a state There has been many calls by political analysts for Palestine to come of its stateless and develop itself into a strong and sovereign state governed by its own laws. Proponents of the calls argue that the time for Palestine to be a state is long overdue, and that it is about time it was able to represent it s people. As strong as the analysts may sound, they fail to note that forming a state would mean getting into an agreement with Israel. This would also relieve the Palestinians of several years of political strife that they have gone through. Arguably, this may not be possible as it requires political forgiveness whereby Palestine will have to forgive Israel for the many deaths, dispossessions and dismemberment of Palestinians during Israeli military actions.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kaplan (2009) points out that Palestine can remain stateless and still exist and grow strong by arguing that many groups today have achieved virtual unity, developed aspirations, set objectives and achieved them without having to work under an umbrella or a state. Of significant example is Palestine which has been able to grow and develop its population of over 10 million people and its economy despite myriad of problems surrounding it. It has been able to achieve this since it faces no potential threat to political pressures or areas to be targeted or damaged that states have. Besides, it has been able to strongly retaliate when attacked by Israel and escaped blame from the international community. As a matter of fact, statelessness gives it an advantage of defending its people without having to face sanctions and laws from the international community against it (Marrouchi, 2011). Conclusion To recap it all, it is largely agreeable that due to poor relationship between Israel and P alestine, the latter has for a long time now remained stateless. The arguments presented in this essay have strongly indicated that foreign policies and the United States’ support for Israel poses a problem to the realization of statehood in Palestine. As such, Palestinians should stay stateless and devise better strategies of survival. The paper has concluded by reiterating that Palestine stands a better chance of developing without actually being a state bearing in mind that this position is apparently powerful and puts Palestine in a vantage socio-political and economic position against its foes. Reference list Abushammala, S. (2011). Testing the Weak Form Efficiency of Palestine Exchange. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(6), 244-253. Goodman, G. (2011). Palestines best: The Jewish agencys press relations, 1946- 1947. Israel Studies, 16(3), 1-91. Johannsen, M. (2011). A balance of fear: asymmetric threats and tit-for-tat strategies in Gaza. Journal of Pale stine Studies, 41(1), 45-56. Kaplan, R. (2009). Do the Palestinians really want a state? Web. Marrouchi, M. (2011). Cry no more for me, Palestine-Mahmoud Darwish. College Literature, 38(4), 1-4.

Natural approach method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Natural approach method - Essay Example This approach to teaching has a socio-economic impact to all those involved. Individuals can get to exchange ideas with different people from other countries, which use different languages to communicate (Larsen-Freeman 183). This opens doors for globalization and industrialization. This paper will examine the approach, and its impact in today’s society. Based on works that were produced in the late 19th century, this approach was formed to better understand the critical nature of language. The aspects involved in the implementation of the approach were a step in the right direction. The socio-economic implications of having the ability to comprehend the knowledge surrounding languages were tremendous (Larsen-Freeman 187). It created a demand for the practical use of all disciplines available. New approaches were developed to cater to the rising need to have an understanding on the living languages. Time and lack of proper technology restricted teachers in that era to teach and listen to different languages. However, the introduction of a phonetic alphabet made work much easier. They could use this avenue to listen for sound and information. Through such techniques, this information would be passed on to the learner. Pronunciation and enunciation would then form the basis of their lessons. Visual aids and teacher-talk made this theory practical and intelligible. A positive impact in the learning process was made possible through these methods, and comprehensible input put into account by all those involved (Larsen-Freeman 191). This is especially by the learners. The main idea of the approach is to increase the competence of a learner in the communication level (Richards and Rodgers 179). It is not meant to be a grammatical perfection exercise. Emphasis is placed on listening as the teachers present the learner with an easy approach to understanding the material. This is what is referred to as input,

How my parent motivate me to study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How my parent motivate me to study - Essay Example [My parents provide me with insights on how to improve in my studies by talking to me and asking me my experiences in various subjects.] [The information I give to them helps them to create solutions on how to strengthen my weak areas and improve in my studies.] [My parents also provide me with the tips necessary for studying especially using their experiences while they were in school.] [Despite being discouraged after failing to meet my study objectives,] [my parents comfort me and help me set new targets that were not only achievable,] [but targets that are also realistic.] [Although it is the responsibility of all parents to meet the needs of their children,] [it is evident that not all parents meet the needs of their students.] [However, my parents ensure that all my needs at home and in school are catered for, which makes my school life easy and motivate me to

Paraphrasing and Summarizing Essay Example for Free

Paraphrasing and Summarizing Essay Paraphrasing is restating someone else’s ideas in your own words while providing proper in-text citations and references to acknowledge the original source, and let the readers know that the idea is not yours. It plays an important role in academic documents, legal documents, articles journals, etc. It requires crucial thinking, understanding and writing skills to rephrase a document in your own words.| paraphrasing reflects the understanding of a person rather than the writer who has presented the original work. Moreoever, a good quality paraphrased version of a work can be more concise and yet thorough than the original piece of writing. A summary is a concise version of a long detailed text while keeping the context clear. A summary can also be called an abstract, synopsis, executive summary or recap of the original. It highlights the main points of the original text, but it is smaller than the main article. Without summaries, a reader would have to read the entire text that definitely needs a lot of time. Instructions Summarizing 1. Read the original text straight through, quickly but thoroughly. 2. Reread the original material, highlight ideas that stand out to you as being important, and underline key terms. 3. Break the text into sections, with each conveying one of the authors main points. The goal of a summary is to express the central ideas of the original work, leaving out secondary material. 4. Write your summary in sentence form, using the main points and key terms as the muscle of your summary. Try to keep the ideas in your summary organized in the same sequence as in the original text. 5. Compare the original text to your summary to ensure you have covered the main ideas and havent left out any key terms. Paraphrasing 1. Read the original text straight through, quickly but thoroughly. 2. Reread the original material, taking note of the concept the author is trying to convey. 3. Express the text in your own words without changing the authors meaning. The goal of a paraphrase is to rewrite the original text without leaving out anything of substance. 4. Compare the original text to your paraphrase to ensure you have captured the essence of the authors ideas and have not quoted the text directly. The paraphrase must be written with language and sentence structure entirely your own.

The Desire to Conquer in Jesusville :: Character analysis, Jessy Belle the Second

The interlude in which Vee visits the museum of exotic dancers is quite interesting; I think one of the purposes of the scene was too reinforce the idea of rape that runs throughout the novel. Specifically with this idea of rape, I refer to the desire/need to conquer and to be conquered. This idea can be illustrated by several of the characters. The first character I will begin with is Jessie Belle. At the beginning of their adventure into the mountains, Jessie introduces her truck to Trace as â€Å"Jessie Belle the Second. My shadow Self† (pg 84). Trace then adds the comment, â€Å"Kind of like an alter ego† (pg 84). This becomes an interesting statement when we later receive a description of Jessie Belle with her truck. Cioffari writes that Trace was â€Å"impressed, too, by the skill she used to maneuver the old jeep, forcing it to do her will† (pg 85). If we consider Jessie Belle the Second as an extension of Jessie, then we can see a connection as to how Jessie is in need of conquering something within her. This need to conquer is manifested in her search for Joshua and the Salvia Divinorum. In finding the plant, Jessie is able to see Joshua for a final time through her hallucinations, and at the end of the novel seems to have â€Å"conquered† what she needed in order to move on. A second i nstance that reinforces this idea is the interlude which describes Jessie’s hallucination. Under the â€Å"influence† of the Salvia, Jessie dances and touches herself. It is through this act that we see Jessie’s consciousness, as it is under the influence of the plant, â€Å"conquering† her unconscious self –another illustration of Jessie’s need to conquer something within her. A second character that we see this idea manifested through is Father Martin. He, like Jessie, is in need of conquering something within. In his case it is his own doubts and fears. Attempting to calm his nerves, Father Martin paces to tire himself. He describes the night as having an â€Å"overpowering silence† and that the night â€Å"mocked his efforts† (pg 75). Father Martin hears the night taunting him, â€Å"Walk from here to kingdom come. For the next six hours I own you. I’ll do with you what I will.† A few pages later we see an encounter (arguably sexual) in which Martin conquers the silence through his act of ringing the bells.

My Aim in Life

There are two things to aim at in life: first, to get what you want, and after that to enjoy it. Only the wisest of mankind achieve the second. Logan P. Smith People have set their own aim depending upon their abilities. Some people are doctors, engineers, Charter Accountants, pilots, teachers and many more. Our life is too short so we have to strive to attain our aim with all our hard work. The main objective for achieving the aim is to get material pleasures, mental happiness as well as satisfaction. Once a person chives his aim he can live a prosperous life.The mere act of aiming at something big, makes you big. Charcoal Nehru My aim in life is neither to collect money nor for fame. It is my desire to become a well-qualified doctor. I do not just wish to be an ordinary doctor. The world remembers with thankfulness the name of the man who gave to the world vaccination. The world will remember forever the man who gave us penicillin. As a doctor I want to serve the humanity. Don't ai m for success if you want it; just do what you love and believe in, and it will come naturally.David Frost have an ambition to do something in this world so, great as the doctors and the courageous founders did in the past. I would like to give the world some new drugs and injections that will cure some of the diseases that people are still suffering from. An aim in life is the only fortune worth finding. Robert Louis Stevenson know, my profession is very dignified and it will help me to get peace and satisfaction in life. It provides us best chances of service. Sympathy to human being is the sympathy to one own self. Quotations About this essay. Future favors the bold.An early death is better than an aimless life. A noble aim is simply a noble deed. My goal in life is to survive. Everything else is just a bonus. The greater danger for most of us lies not in setting our aim too high and falling short; but in setting our aim too low, and achieving our mark. Michelangelo The aim of ar t is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance. Aristotle. Aim above morality. Be not simply good, be good for something. My Aim in Life There are two things to aim at in life: first, to get what you want, and after that to enjoy it. Only the wisest of mankind achieve the second. Logan P. Smith People have set their own aim depending upon their abilities. Some people are doctors, engineers, Charter Accountants, pilots, teachers and many more. Our life is too short so we have to strive to attain our aim with all our hard work. The main objective for achieving the aim is to get material pleasures, mental happiness as well as satisfaction. Once a person chives his aim he can live a prosperous life.The mere act of aiming at something big, makes you big. Charcoal Nehru My aim in life is neither to collect money nor for fame. It is my desire to become a well-qualified doctor. I do not just wish to be an ordinary doctor. The world remembers with thankfulness the name of the man who gave to the world vaccination. The world will remember forever the man who gave us penicillin. As a doctor I want to serve the humanity. Don't ai m for success if you want it; just do what you love and believe in, and it will come naturally.David Frost have an ambition to do something in this world so, great as the doctors and the courageous founders did in the past. I would like to give the world some new drugs and injections that will cure some of the diseases that people are still suffering from. An aim in life is the only fortune worth finding. Robert Louis Stevenson know, my profession is very dignified and it will help me to get peace and satisfaction in life. It provides us best chances of service. Sympathy to human being is the sympathy to one own self. Quotations About this essay. Future favors the bold.An early death is better than an aimless life. A noble aim is simply a noble deed. My goal in life is to survive. Everything else is just a bonus. The greater danger for most of us lies not in setting our aim too high and falling short; but in setting our aim too low, and achieving our mark. Michelangelo The aim of ar t is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance. Aristotle. Aim above morality. Be not simply good, be good for something. My Aim in Life ARTICLE IN PRESS Microbiological Research 161 (2006) 93—101 www. elsevier. de/micres Changes in microbial and soil properties following amendment with treated and untreated olive mill wastewater Ali Mekki, Abdelha? dh Dhouib, Sami SayadiA Laboratoire des Bioprocedes,Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, BP: ‘‘K’’ 3038 Sfax, Tunisie ? ? Received 8 June 2005; accepted 15 June 2005 KEYWORDS Microbial community; Olive mill wastewater; Polyphenols; Soil respiration Summary We investigated the effect of untreated and biologically treated olive mill wastewater (OMW) spreading on the soil characteristics and the microbial communities.The water holding capacity, the salinity and the content of total organic carbon, humus, total nitrogen, phosphate and potassium increased when the spread amounts of the treated or untreated OMW increased. The OMW treated soil exhibited signi? cantly higher respiration compared to the control soil. However, the C-CO2/Ctot ratio decre ased from 1. 7 in the control soil to 0. 5 in the soil amended with 100 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW. However, it slightly decreased to 1. 15 in the soil amended with 400 m3 haA1 of treated OMW.The treated OMW increased the total mesophylic number while the number of fungi and nitri? ers decreased. Actinomycetes and spore-forming bacteria were neither sensitive to treated nor to untreated OMW. The total coliforms increased with higher doses of treated and untreated OMW. A toxic effect of the untreated OMW appeared from 100 m3 haA1. This toxicity was more signi? cant with 200 m3 haA1, where micro? ora of total mesophilic, yeasts and moulds, actinomycetes, and nitri? ers were seriously inhibited except for total coliforms and spore-forming bacteria. & 2005 Elsevier GmbH.All rights reserved. Introduction The olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a critical problem, especially in the Mediterranean area, where the olive cultivation is widespread and huge amounts of this ef? uent 30 millions m3 yA1 worldACorresponding author. Tel. /fax: +216 74 440 452. wide and 500 000 m3 yA1 in Tunisia alone, are annually produced (Sayadi and Ellouz, 1995; Casa et al. , 2003). This waste contains an enormous supply of organic matter, COD between 40 and 210 g dmA3 and BOD5 between 10 and 150 g dmA3 (Feria, 2000). Some characteristics of this materialE-mail address: sami. [email  protected] rnrt. tn (S. Sayadi). 0944-5013/$ – see front matter & 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. doi:10. 1016/j. micres. 2005. 06. 001 ARTICLE IN PRESS 94 are favourable for agriculture since this ef? uent is rich in organic matter, nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg). The organic fraction of this wastewater includes sugars, tannins, poly phenols, poly alcohols, pectins, lipids, and proteins (Mulinacci et al. , 2001; LesageMeessen et al. , 2001). For these reasons, increasing attention has been given to ? d the best methods to spread OMW on agricultural lands and to recyc le both the organic matter and the nutritive elements in the soil crop system. Moreover, agricultural irrigation with wastewater ef? uents became a common practice in arid and semiarid regions, where it was used as a readily available and inexpensive option to fresh water (Angelakis et al. , 1999; Oved et al. , 2001). Fresh OMW was used as a fertilizer in the horticulture and in the olive cultivation (Cox et al. , 1997; Ben Rouina et al. , 1999; Ammar and Ben Rouina, 1999; Cereti et al. , 2004).However, biodegradation of this waste in the nature is dif? cult because it contains a strong antibacterial effect exerted, by various phenolic compounds (Yesilada et al. , 1999; Sayadi et al. , 2000; Rinaldi et al. , 2003). Before its utilization in the irrigation, OMW was treated by several processes such as aerobic treatment, anaerobic digestion and composting process (Sayadi and Ellouz, 1992, 1995; Ehaliotis et al. , 1999; Paredes et al. , 2000; Kissi et al. , 2001; Marques, 2001; Casa et al. , 2003; D’Annibale et al. , 2004). Some Mediterranean countries established laws about soil capability to endure theOMW application, particularly in Italy (Law N1 574, 1996). The maximum amount of OMW tolerated in the ? elds is 80 and 50 m3 haA1 for OMW obtained by centrifuge and pressure extraction techniques, respectively (Law N1 574, 1996). The addition of such compounds may cause signi? cant shifts in the structure and the function of the microbial community, which in turn may in? uence the viability of the soil for agriculture. The effect of the OMW on the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil are well documented (Cabrera et al. , 1996; Cox et al. 1997; Sierra et al. , 2001; Zenjari and Nejmeddine, 2001; Rinaldi et al. , 2003). However, these studies did not deal with the effect of this waste on the microbial community of the soil (Moreno et al. , 1987; Paredes et al. , 1987; Kotsou et al. , 2004). An integrated approach using a pre-treatment of the OMW with the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium followed by an anaerobic digestion was developed in our laboratory in order to reuse the ef? uent in agriculture (Sayadi and Ellouz, 1995). Thus, the aim of our work was to investigate A. Mekki et al. he effect of untreated and biologically treated OMW on the soil characteristics and on the microbial communities. Materials and methods OMW origin The fresh OMW was taken from a three-phase discontinuous extraction factory located in Sfax, Tunisia. Biological treatment of OMW The treated OMW was obtained with an integrated process based on aerobic fungal pre-treatment using P. chrysosporium DSMZ 6909 followed by a decantation step then anaerobic digestion (Sayadi and Ellouz, 1995). The characteristics of the treated and untreated OMW are given in Table 1. Table 1.Chemical and physical properties of untreated and biological treated OMW Parameter pH (25 1C) Electric conductivity (25 1C) (dS mA1) Salinity (g lA1) Colour (absorbance 395 nm) UV absorbance 280 nm BOD5 (g lA1) COD (g lA1) Glucose (g lA1) Residual solids (g lA1) Total solids (%) Total volatiles (%) Total suspended solids (g lA1) Volatiles suspended solids (g lA1) Nitrogen (g lA1) Phosphorous (g lA1) Potassium (g lA1) o-di-phenols (g lA1) Total poly phenols (g lA1) Residual oils (g lA1) Toxicity by LUMIStox (% inhibition) Untreated OMW 5. 46 8. 7 5. 9 82 368 34. 117 12 26 11. 4 9. 3 8. 9 6. 5 1. 58 0. 84 5. 2 8. 395 9. 200 9. 2 100 Treated OMW 7. 6 11. 3 9. 7 44 38 4. 5 21. 9 ND ND 2. 5 1. 42 3. 5 2. 7 1. 72 1. 12 4. 4 1. 265 1. 578 Not detected 38 ARTICLE IN PRESS Changes in microbial and soil properties following amendment 95 Study sites and sampling The study area consisted in a ? eld of olive trees located in Chaal at 60 Km to the South-West of ? Sfax, Tunisia, North latitude 341 30 , East longitude 101 200 . The mean annual rainfall is 200 mm (Ben Rouina et al. , 2001). The ? eld was divided in ? ve plots.Three experimental plots P1, P2, and P3 we re annually amended in February with 50, 100, and 200 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW respectively (Ben Rouina, 1994). The plot P4, was annually amended with 400 m3 haA1 of the treated OMW. The ? fth plot, plot C, was not amended and served as control. Soil samples were collected from different parts of each plot from 0 to 10 cm deep, using a soil auger. All soil samples, taken from each plot were then mixed, air-dried, sieved with a mesh size of 450 mm and stored at 4 1C prior to use. Water content was immediately determined before airdrying the sample. xtracted with 1 M solution of ammonium acetate (pH 7) using a soil/solution ratio of 1/10 (w/ v). The suspension was analysed with an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES, ARL 3580). Microtoxicity determination The microtoxicity test consisted in the inhibition of the bioluminescence of Vibrio ? scheri LCK480 using the LUMIStox system (Dr. Lange GmbH, Duesseldorf, Germany) and according to ISO 11348-2 (1998). Pe rcentage inhibition of the bioluminescence was achieved by mixing 0. 5 ml of OMW and 0. 5 ml luminescent bacterial suspension.After 15 min exposure at 15 1C, the decrease in light emission was measured. The toxicity of the OMW was expressed as the percent of the inhibition of bioluminescence (%IB) relative to a non-contaminated reference. A positive control (7. 5% NaCl) was included for each test. Physicochemical analyses Analysis of ortho-diphenols: The ortho-diphenols concentration in the OMW was quanti? ed by means of Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric method (Box, 1983) using caffeic acid as standard. The absorbance was determined at l ? 765 nm. Analysis of total polyphenols: OMW was centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 20 min.The supernatant was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The collected organic fraction was dried and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was extracted two times with dichloromethane in order to remove the non-phenolic fraction (lipids, aliphatic, sugars). The liq uid phase was discarded while the washed residue was weighed and analysed by gas chromatography coupled with the mass spectroscopy technique to con? rm the phenolic structure of the extracted compounds. COD was determined according to Knechtel (1978) standard method. BOD5 was determined by the manometric method with a respirometer (BSB-Controller Model 620 T (WTW)).Dry weight and moisture content were determined by weighing samples before and after drying overnight at 105 1C. Organic matter was determined after furnacing samples at 550 1C for 4 h. Total carbon and nitrogen were determined by dry combustion (TOC Analyser multi-N/C 1000). Ca, K, Na, and Mg analyses, the air-dried soil was Respirometric test Biological activity in the soil was achieved by measuring CO2 evolution in the aerobic condition ? (Ohlinger, 1995). The soil sample was humidi? ed to 50% of its water holding capacity and incubated at 30 1C in the dark. The CO2 evolved was trapped in an NaOH solution and titrated with HCl.Microbial estimation Ten grams of the soil sample was suspended in an erlenmeyer ? ask containing 90 ml of a sterile solution (0. 2% of sodium polyphosphate (NaPO3)n in distilled water, pH 7. 0) and 10 g of sterile glass beads (1. 5 mm diameter). The ? ask was shaken at 200 rpm for 2 h. Serial 10-fold dilutions of the samples in a 0. 85% NaCl solution were plated in triplicate on PCA at 30 1C for total bacterial counts, on Sabouraud containing chloramphenicol at 25 1C for yeasts and moulds, on DCL at 37 1C for total coliforms, and on soil extract agar at 30 1C for actinomycetes.Soil extract agar was prepared as follows: 1 kg of soil was added to 1 l of distilled water and agitated energetically. Supernatant was ? ltered. Its pH was adjusted to 7 and sterilized at 121 1C for 20 min twice. A 200 ml of this extract and 20 g of Agar-agar were added to 800 ml of distilled water and sterilized at 121 1C for 20 min. Penicillin G, Cycloheximide, Ampicillin and Nistatin were dissolv ed in water and sterilized by ? ltration (0. 22 mm) and ARTICLE IN PRESS 96 were added at ? nal concentration of 1, 50, 10 and 50 mg lA1, respectively.For spore-forming bacteria counts, aliquots were heated for 10 min at 80 1C before spreading on PCA and incubation at 37 1C. Ammonia and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were enumerated by the most probable number (MPN) procedure (Trolldenier, 1995). Culture tubes supplemented either with ammonium or nitrite were inoculated with serially diluted soil suspension. After an extended incubation of 4 weeks at 28 1C, acidi? cation of the medium was recorded by taking colour change as an indication for growth of ammonium oxidizers and the absence of nitrite as an indication for growth of nitrite oxidizers.Subsequently, the MPN was calculated in accordance with the table of MPN values. The total nitri? ers count was the sum of the oxidizers of ammonium and of nitrite. Each soil sample was analysed in duplicate and the dilution series were plated in triplicate for each medium. All these counts were expressed as colony forming units (CFU) per gram of dried soil (24 h at 105 1C). The total nitri? ers count was expressed as MPN per gram of dried soil. A. Mekki et al. high content of phenolics (9. 2 g lA1). This toxicity was reduced to 38%IB in treated OMW which contained only 1. 8 g lA1 of phenolics. The COD (21. 9 g lA1) of treated OMW remained high and far exceeded the standard for direct discharge to a natural water body. Several costly steps are necessary if we want to reach the Tunisian standard (0. 09 g lA1). The treated OMW contained appreciable concentrations of N, P, and K. This ef? uent was free of pathogens, relatively not toxic and contained low concentrations of heavy metals. Apart from COD, BOD5 and black colour, the quality of treated OMW was high and could be used for irrigation after ? eld tests.Analytical results of soils pro? les A darker soil colour was observed in the plots amended with OMW. After drying, the amended soils showed higher compactness and hardness. Soils were sampled and analysed in a particularly dry year in Tunisia. Only weak precipitations were recorded in February, May and November. The soil water content was very weak and it varied between 0. 8% and 1. 15% in the samples collected in September (Table 2). The pH increased to 9. 2 when P4 soil was amended with treated OMW and slightly decreased to 7. 4 when P3 soil was amended with raw OMW.Table 2 shows also that salinity of the amended soil increased proportionally with quantity of treated or untreated OMW. The content of the nutrients as total carbon (Ctot), total nitrogen (Ntot), P, K, Mg and humus increased after spreading Results Characterisation of the ef? uents Untreated OMW totally inhibited V. ?scheri (Table 1). This toxicity was essentially due to its Table 2. Results of the air-dried soils characterization C 89. 82 7. 44 2. 74 1. 14 7. 9 69 0. 02 0. 001 0. 14 0. 25 0. 02 14. 70 0. 23 0. 0312 2. 001 4 8. 7 P1 ND ND ND Characteristics 9 8 Particle size > > Sand = < distribution ? ? clay > > ; : in control soil Silt Moisture content (%) pH (KCl) Salinity (mg kgA1) P (mg gA1) P (water soluble) (mg gA1) K (mg gA1) Mg (mg gA1) Na (mg gA1) Ca (mg gA1) Ntot (mg gA1) N-NH4 (mg gA1) Ctot (mg gA1) Humus (mg gA1) C/N P2 ND ND ND 1. 15 7. 6 336. 5 0. 08 0. 016 1. 60 0. 40 0. 03 16. 20 0. 95 0. 055 15. 504 31 16. 32 P3 ND ND ND 1. 07 7. 4 447. 5 0. 08 0. 12 1. 80 0. 37 0. 04 15. 80 0. 91 0. 089 16. 999 34 18. 68 P4 ND ND ND 0. 82 9. 2 473 0. 05 0. 027 2. 42 0. 33 0. 31 14. 70 0. 45 0. 088 4. 001 8 8. 89 1. 13 7. 9 240 0. 03 0. 003 1. 05 0. 35 0. 17 19. 80 0. 56 0. 044 8. 002 16 14. 29P1, P2, and P3: Soils amended with 50, 100, and 200 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW respectively; P4: Soil amended with 400 m3 haA1 of the treated OMW. The plot C was not amended and served as control. ND: not done. ARTICLE IN PRESS Changes in microbial and soil properties following amendment the treated or untreated OMW. The C /N ratio remained constant in the soil amended with treated OMW while it increased proportionally in the soils amended with untreated OMW. Phenolic compounds migrated in soil according to their molecular mass. Polyphenols were adsorbed in the soil upper layers while monomers migrated in depth.Indeed phenolic monomers were detected at 1. 2 m depth 1 year after irrigation with untreated OMW (data not shown). C-CO2 18 16 C-CO2 and Ctot (mg g-1) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Ctot C-CO2/Ctot 1. 8 1. 6 1. 4 C-CO2/Ctot 1. 2 1 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0 C P1 P2 Soil P3 P4 97 Soil respiration A respirometric test was achieved on soils sampled in September. CO2 production increased with OMW amendment (Fig. 1). For the treated OMW, a more pronounced CO2 production rate was shown since the ? rst week of incubation. However, for the untreated OMW, the start-up of the CO2 production was delayed to the 3rd week of respiration.The speci? c respiration rate expressed as the ratio of C-CO2/Ctot for the different soil samples is shown in Fig. 2. The amendment of the soil with 200 m3 haA1 increased the carbon content to 17 mg gA1 while the speci? c respiration remained very low. However, the amendment with 400 m3 haA1 of treated OMW did not much affect the speci? c respiration of the soil. 0 Figure 2. Speci? c respiration C-CO2/Ctot, cumulative CCO2, and total carbon Ctot of the soil samples studied. shown). An increase in the total micro? ora count was observed in P1, P2 and P4 in all dates of sampling (Table 3).However, at 200 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW, the total bacterial counts remained much higher compared to the control soil, but lower compared to the other doses of OMW. Effect on soil microbiology Viable mesophilic micro? ora Generally, the total micro? ora increased with the soil humidity. OMW enhanced the water holding capacity of the soil. The soil water content increased when the OMW dose increased (data not 12 Viable yeasts and moulds micro? ora In comparison with the control soil, an o verall high CFU of fungi in the soil amended with untreated OMW was found (Table 4).In all dates of sampling, the fungal CFU number decreased when OMW increased but remained much higher than the control soil except for biologically treated OMW which had a lower CFU than the control. We noted that the pH of OMW leaving the anaerobic reactor ranged between 7. 6 and 8. This pH increased to 8. 7 during its storage at ambient temperature. After amendment with treated OMW, the pH of the soil increased to 9. 2. Such pH value is considered as detrimental for the fungal growth. C P1 P2 P3 P4 mg C-CO 2 g -1 (dry soil) 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Viable total nitri? rs Soils C, P1 and P2 showed broadly comparable nitri? er MPN numbers. However, a decrease in viable nitri? ers count was observed in P3. This decrease was more signi? cant in P4 (Table 5). Time (d) Figure 1. Cumulative respiratory activity as mg CO2 gA1 dry soil of different samples incubated over 28 days at 28 1C in the dark. Viable actinomycetes The actinomycetes CFU number increased when OMW doses increased up to the dose of 100 m3 haA1. At 200 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW, the CFU number remained higher than C and P1 (50 m3 haA1). However, it was lower than P2 (100 m3 haA1) (Table 6).ARTICLE IN PRESS 98 Table 3. Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria counts CFU ( A 104) gA1 in the different plots Feb C P1 P2 P3 P4 3472 8574. 95 12177. 11 6673. 9 9075. 3 May 6974. 05 7774. 52 8975. 32 7274. 23 10175. 93 Jun 24. 571. 44 45. 572. 67 57. 573. 38 5773. 35 7974. 64 Sep 1570. 88 48. 572. 85 65. 573. 85 43. 572. 55 6073. 52 Nov 21. 571. 26 8374. 88 16179. 46 9275. 4 15879. 29 A. Mekki et al. Data expressed as mean value (three replicates) and standard deviation for colony forming units per gram of dried soil. Table 4. Fungi counts in the different plots CFU ( A 104) gA1 Feb May 370. 5 11. 573. 64 571. 58 4. 671. 45 1. 8570. 58 Jun 370. 95 1775. 38 1574. 75 1173. 48 2. 8570. 9 Sep 1. 370. 41 15. 574. 9 1073. 17 4. 171. 2 9 1. 7470. 55 Nov 2. 770. 85 14. 774. 65 13. 574. 27 11. 273. 55 1. 3570. 42 C P1 P2 P3 P4 3. 571. 11 1073. 17 5. 571. 74 7. 572. 37 1. 8270. 57 Table 5. Nitri? ers counts MPN (x104) gA1 in the different plots Feb May 4. 770. 62 4. 570. 59 4. 270. 55 2. 870. 37 0. 4870. 063 Jun 3. 270. 42 3. 470. 45 2. 670. 34 1. 770. 22 0. 5170. 07 Sep 2. 870. 37 2. 470. 31 2. 470. 31 1. 170. 14 0. 0770. 009 Nov 3. 870. 5 3. 170. 41 2. 870. 37 1. 170. 14 0. 70. 11 C P1 P2 P3 P4 3. 670. 47 2. 670. 34 270. 26 1. 970. 25 0. 4670. 06 Table 6. Actinomycetes counts CFU ( A 104) gA1 in the different plots Feb May 2. 170. 28 14. 571. 93 18. 572. 46 1872. 39 17. 572. 33 Jun 270. 26 871. 06 15. 572. 06 1271. 59 15. 672. 07 Sep 270. 26 1071. 33 10. 571. 39 5. 570. 73 12. 2971. 63 Nov 3. 570. 46 12. 871. 7 17. 272. 29 14. 771. 95 15. 772. 09 C P1 P2 P3 P4 0. 670. 08 770. 93 1171. 46 570. 66 13. 2971. 77 Viable spore-forming bacteria and total coliforms The spore-forming bacteria increased with the increase of OMW doses (data not shown).For P4 soil, it shifted from the CFU gA1 number ranging from 0. 28 to 1. 12 A 104 in the control soil to CFU gA1 number ranging from 1. 1 to 2. 12 A 104 in P4 amended with 400 m3 haA1 of treated OMW. Total coliforms are well known as contaminant indicator bacteria in wastewater and soil. The number of the total coliforms was very low in the control soil. It increased when the treated or untreated OMW quantity increased (data not shown). Discussion This study attempted to demonstrate that soil amended with different concentrations of OMW showed modi? ation of its structure and its texture. The acidity of the untreated OMW was compensated by the soil carbonate alkalinity. The carbonates at the same time became bicarbonates, moved and accumulated in deeper horizons as was shown by Sierra et al. (2001). The increase of the salinity in the soil could result from the main ionic species, sodium chloride and sulphate, coming from the treated or untreated OMW. This is in line with previous ? nding ARTICLE IN PRESS Changes in microbial and soil properties following amendment (Paredes et al. , 1987; Sierra et al. 2001). Hence, in long-term applications, replacement of the soil calcium by the cations of Na, K and Mg could lead to the degradation of the soil structure and the formation of saline soils as was suggested earlier by Zenjari and Nejmeddine (2001). Biologically treated OMW had a pH48, and the alkalinity of this waste was not regulated (buffered) by the soil components. Soil porosity was reduced by the combined effect of the suspended solids and the COD formed by highly polymerised polyphenolic compounds such as humic acid-like substances (Cox et al. 1997). Consequently, soil plugged and became impermeable which led to a reduction of the soil aerobic community such as fungi and actinomycetes. This ? nding con? rms the reported correlation between the soil pH and the ( change in community composition (Frostegard et al. , 1993; Perkiomaki and Fritze, 2002). ? ? The increase of nutrient contents, Ctot, Ntot, P Mg , and K at all OMW treated plots, may have a bene? cial effect on the soil fertility. The OMW treated soil exhibited a higher respiration rate compared to the control soil.Nevertheless, when taking into account the added organic carbon, this activity was not in proportional ratio. Speci? c respiration expressed as C-CO2/Ctot decreased from 1. 7 in the control soil to 0. 5 in the soil amended with 100 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW. Yet, it slightly decreased to 1. 15 in the soil amended with 400 m3 haA1 of treated OMW. This can be explained by the fact that the phenolic compounds may inhibit the soil respiration, especially in the high OMW doses, and thus neutralize the favourable in? uence of its higher nutrient contents as was demonstrated by Sierra et al. 2001), Cox et al. (1997), Cabrera et al. (1996), and Paredes et al. (1987). In simple terms, the inhibition of soil respiration could be caused by the fact th at the big amount of carbon added to the soil was unavailable to the micro? ora under the effect of its strong adsorption or its reaction with the components of the soil. This disproportion could not be due to the added salt because despite the high content of salt in P4 (473 mg kgA1) compared to that in P3 (447. 5 mg kgA1), the former had a nearer speci? c respiration rate to the control plot C which contained only (69 mg kgA1).Addition of the untreated or the biologically treated OMW to the soil created some modi? cations in the average values for total number of microorganisms and their repartition. Results showed an initial increase in the numbers of CFU in most micro? ora groups after the OMW amendment, excepted for nitri? ers which decreased. In line with this ? nding, Paredes et al. (1987) reported also an increase in the total viable counts in the soil polluted with OMW. The overall low CFU number 99 observed in the P3 soil could be explained by the OMW dose becoming high an d toxic (Capasso et al. 1995). The chemolithotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are responsible for the ? rst ratelimiting step in nitri? cation in which ammonia (NH3) is transformed to nitrate (NOA) via nitrite 3 (NOA). The AOB play a critical role in the natural 2 nitrogen cycle (Oved et al. , 2001; Mendum and Hirsch, 2002). This micro? ora could be affected by a variety of chemical conditions including aromatic compounds and salts. Indeed, the number of nitri? ers shifted from the CFU gA1 number ranging from 2. 8 to 4. 7 A 104 in the control soil to CFU gA1 number ranging from 0. 46 to 0. A 104 in P4 amended with 400 m3 haA1 of treated OMW. Some authors reported that higher pH is not favourable for some phylogenetic groups of nitrifying bacteria (Kowalchuk et al. , 2000). Moreover, some residual polyphenolic compounds present in treated OMW may be toxic for this sensitive category of microorganisms (Peredes et al. , 1987). Actinomycetes and spore-forming bacteria play a sig ni? cant role in the organic matter cycle in nature, by virtue of their considerable powers and ability to break down complex organic molecules. Actinomycetes counts were strongly enhanced by treated and untreated OMW amendment.The introduction of organic pollutants, which can potentially act as toxic substances and nutrient sources, was shown to preferentially stimulate speci? c populations (Atlas et al. , 1991). The increase of the CFU count of spore-forming bacteria were in accordance with the earlier investigations of Paredes et al. (1987) who reported an increase in spore-forming bacteria counts but a decrease in the proportion of this population in the community from 10% to 12% in the control soil to 0. 02% in the polluted soil with OMW. Fungi populations are known by their considerable depolymerising enzymes and their resistance to recalcitrant substances.The OMW enhanced fungi, the most important organisms decomposing lignin and polyphenols (Scheu and Parkinson, 1994; Borken et al. , 2002). Consequently, this population was favoured in plots P1, P2 and P3 where pH and C/N ratio were also more favourable compared to the control. This observation con? rms previous ? ndings by Perkiomaki and Fritze (2002) and Joergensen et al. (1995). ? Conclusion Based on previous studies and our results, we suggest that the effect of the long-term use of OMW in the ferti-irrigation on the soil microbial commu- ARTICLE IN PRESS 00 nity, the soil fertility and the soil physico-chemical properties remain unclear. Yet, speci? c attention must be devoted to the irrigation potential of treated OMW with explicit reference to the major crops of agricultural interest. The following guidelines should be adhered to the OMW spreading on soil A. 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A. , 2001.Characterization and evolution of a soil affected by olive oil mill wastewater disposal. Sci. Total Environ. 279, 207–214. Trolldenier, G. , 1995. Nitri? ers by MPN method. In: ? Schinner, F. , Ohlinger, R. , Kandeler, E. , Margesin, R. (Eds. ), Methods in Soil Biology. Springer, Berlin, pp. 32–36. ? ? Yesilada, E. , Ozmen, M. , Yeslada, O. , 1999. Studies on the toxic and genotoxic effect of olive oil mill wastewater. Fresenius Envir. Bull. 8, 732–739. Zenjari, A. , Nejmeddine, A. , 2001. Impact of spreading olive mill wastewater on soil characteristics: laboratory experiments. Agronomie 21, 749–755. My Aim in Life There are two things to aim at in life: first, to get what you want, and after that to enjoy it. Only the wisest of mankind achieve the second. Logan P. Smith People have set their own aim depending upon their abilities. Some people are doctors, engineers, Charter Accountants, pilots, teachers and many more. Our life is too short so we have to strive to attain our aim with all our hard work. The main objective for achieving the aim is to get material pleasures, mental happiness as well as satisfaction. Once a person chives his aim he can live a prosperous life.The mere act of aiming at something big, makes you big. Charcoal Nehru My aim in life is neither to collect money nor for fame. It is my desire to become a well-qualified doctor. I do not just wish to be an ordinary doctor. The world remembers with thankfulness the name of the man who gave to the world vaccination. The world will remember forever the man who gave us penicillin. As a doctor I want to serve the humanity. Don't ai m for success if you want it; just do what you love and believe in, and it will come naturally.David Frost have an ambition to do something in this world so, great as the doctors and the courageous founders did in the past. I would like to give the world some new drugs and injections that will cure some of the diseases that people are still suffering from. An aim in life is the only fortune worth finding. Robert Louis Stevenson know, my profession is very dignified and it will help me to get peace and satisfaction in life. It provides us best chances of service. Sympathy to human being is the sympathy to one own self. Quotations About this essay. Future favors the bold.An early death is better than an aimless life. A noble aim is simply a noble deed. My goal in life is to survive. Everything else is just a bonus. The greater danger for most of us lies not in setting our aim too high and falling short; but in setting our aim too low, and achieving our mark. Michelangelo The aim of ar t is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance. Aristotle. Aim above morality. Be not simply good, be good for something.